Data conversion/output apparatus for digitalizing sensor data and outputting through a sensor array

ABSTRACT

A data conversion/output device includes a number of sensors, voltage-time conversion circuits that are arranged adjacent to respective sensors and change output levels upon the lapse of times corresponding to output voltage values from the sensors after a conversion operation start point in order to convert for voltage outputs of the sensors into times. The device also includes sensed data generation circuits outputting, as digital data, lapse times until the output levels of the voltage-time conversion circuits change after a conversion start point. The sensed data generation circuits include a counter for counting a clock signal. An operation start of the voltage-time conversion circuits and a start of count operation of the counter are staggered.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present patent application is a Divisional application claiming thebenefit of application Ser. No. 12/629,840 filed Dec. 2, 2009, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,911,520 which is a divisional application of application Ser.No. 11/740,761, filed Apr. 26, 2007, now abandoned which is a divisionalapplication of non-provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/059,488, filed Jan. 28, 2002, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field

The present invention relates to a data conversion/output apparatus and,more particularly, to a data conversion/output apparatus for convertingdata sensed by each sensor into a digital value and outputting thedigital value in a sensor array constituted by laying out a plurality ofsensors for detecting light or a capacitance.

2. Description of the Related Art

As a sensor array constituted by laying out a plurality of sensors fordetecting light or a capacitance, many sensor arrays have recently beendeveloped for a photosensor or fingerprint sensor which has a matrix ofa plurality of pixels 60 each bearing a sensor 61 for detecting light ora fingerprint shape and reads an image or fingerprint, as shown in FIG.10. In these sensor arrays, analog data detected by a sensor in eachpixel must be converted into digital data and output outside a pixelarray 50. Various data conversion/output apparatuses for converting datasensed by each sensor into a digital value and outputting it have beenproposed.

FIG. 11 shows the first prior art of a conventional dataconversion/output apparatus (see, e.g., D. Renshow et al., “ASICVISION”, Digest of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 1990). Inthe prior art of FIG. 11, sensors 61 and switches 63 are integrated inrespective pixels 60, and these pixels 60 are arrayed in a matrix. Theswitch 63 in each pixel 60 is controlled by a signal from a columndecoder 72, and connected to a data bus 74 shared by the pixels 60 oneach row.

The data bus 74 is connected to a corresponding switch 75, and to an A/Dconverter 79 via the switch 75. The switch 75 is controlled by a signalfrom a row decoder 73.

In this data conversion/output apparatus, light or the like is detectedby the sensors 61. The address of a column to be read is input to thecolumn decoder 72, and the column decoder 72 sends a signal for closingthe switches 63 of pixels 60 on the column whose address has been input.The sensors 61 on the selected column output detected analog data to thedata bus 74 shared by each row. Then, the address of a row to be read isinput to the row decoder 73, and the row decoder 73 sends a signal forclosing the switches 75 connected to the data bus 74.

The selected data bus 74 is connected to the A/D converter 79, and theanalog data output to the data bus 74 is input to the A/D converter 79.The A/D converter 79 converts the input analog data into digital dataand outputs it outside as sensed data. By performing this operation forall the columns and rows, all read data can be converted into digitaldata and output outside.

FIG. 12 shows the second prior art (see, e.g., A. Simoni et al., “ADigital Camera for Machine Vision”, Conference on IndustrialElectronics, Control and Instrumentation, 1994). In the prior art ofFIG. 12, the data bus 74 shared by pixels 60 on each row as the firstprior art is connected to a corresponding comparison circuit 78, and theother input of the comparison circuit 78 is connected to the output of aD/A converter 80. The input of the D/A converter 80 is connected to theoutput of a counter 76, and the output of the counter 76 is connected toeach latch circuit 77. As a read signal to the latch circuit 77, anoutput from the comparison circuit 78 is input. An output from the latchcircuit 77 is output outside via a corresponding switch 75, and theswitch 75 is controlled by a signal from a row decoder 73.

In the data conversion/output apparatus, light or the like is detectedby the sensors 61. The address of a column to be read is input to thecolumn decoder 72, and the column decoder 72 sends a signal for closingthe switches of pixels on the column whose address has been input. Thesensors 61 on the selected column output detected analog data to thecomparison circuit 78 via the data bus 74 shared by each row. Thecounter 76 increments data from a minimum value to a maximum value, andoutputs the data. The output from the counter is input to the D/Aconverter 80, and the D/A converter 80 outputs analog data whichincreases stepwise in correspondence with the count value.

The comparison circuit 78 compares the analog data output from the D/Aconverter 80 with the analog data output from the sensors, and only whenthe data coincide with each other in magnitude, sends a read signal tothe latch circuit 77. The latch circuit 77 receives an output from thecounter 76, and when the read signal is sent from the comparison circuit78, latches a count value at that time. Then, the address of a row to beread is input to the row decoder 73, and the row decoder 73 sends asignal for closing the switches 75 connected to the data bus 74. Anoutput from the latch circuit 77 on the selected row is output outsideas sensed data via the switch 75. By performing this operation for allthe columns and rows, all read data can be converted into digital dataand output outside.

These conventional data conversion/output apparatuses suffer thefollowing problems. The first prior art requires a long time in order toconvert and output data of all the pixels because data detected bypixels are converted by the A/D converter one by one. Analog data istransmitted via a long path and many elements, so detected data may beeasily degraded by noise or the like.

In the second prior art, the dynamic range, resolution, and precision ofdata to be output are limited by the precision of the D/A converterbecause reference analog data to be compared with analog data detectedby the sensor is generated by the D/A converter. Output data may also bedegraded by the precision of the comparison circuit for comparing analogdata or variations between comparison circuits.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made to overcome the conventionaldrawbacks, and has as its object to provide a data conversion/outputapparatus capable of preventing degradation in the precision of a sensoroutput due to noise or variations between elements, and obtaining awide-dynamic-range output whose resolution or precision is not limited.

To achieve the above object, according to the present invention, thereis provided a data conversion/output apparatus comprising a large numberof sensors, voltage-time conversion circuits which are arranged adjacentto the respective sensors and change output levels upon the lapse oftimes corresponding to output voltage values from the sensors after aconversion operation start point in order to convert voltage outputs ofthe sensors into times, and sensed data generation circuits foroutputting, as digital data, lapse times until the output levels of thevoltage-time conversion circuits change after a substantial conversionstart point.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the first and other embodiments (including the seventhembodiment) of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A to 2C are graphs showing the opera ion of the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the operation of the third embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the fifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the sixth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the eighth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a graph for explaining the operation of the eighth embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a sensor array;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a conventional data conversion/outputapparatus (first prior art); and

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing another conventional dataconversion/output apparatus (second prior art).

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described belowwith reference to the accompanying drawings.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 shows a data conversion/output apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention. This data conversion/outputapparatus comprises a plurality of pixels 1 arranged in a matrix withina pixel array 10, a column decoder (control means/group selection means)2, a row decoder 3, data buses 4, switches (row switches) 5, a counter6, latch circuits (sensed data generation circuits) 7, and a clockgeneration circuit 8.

Each pixel 1 includes a sensor 11, voltage-time conversion circuit 12,and switch (column switch) 13. The switch 13 is controlled for eachcolumn by a signal from the column decoder 2. The voltage-timeconversion circuit 12 converts analog data output from the sensor 11into 1-bit digital data by a delay time. As an example of the digitaldata, an output from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 changes fromL level to H level within a relatively short time after the start ofconversion for a high input voltage, and from L level to H level withina relatively long time after the start of conversion for a low inputvoltage.

An output from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 is output to thedata bus 4 via the switch 13. Pixels 1 on the same row are connected tothe same data bus 4, and the data bus 4 is shared by each row. An outputfrom the data bus 4 of each row is input as a read signal to the latchcircuit 7 disposed for each row. The latch circuit 7 is connected to theoutput of the counter 6, and a count value output from the counter 6 isheld by the read signal of the latch circuit 7. An output from the latchcircuit 7 is output outside as sensed data via a corresponding switch 5.The switch 5 is controlled by a signal from the row decoder 3.

In this arrangement, analog data representing the detection results ofthe respective pixels 1 are output for each column. Light or acapacitance is detected by the sensors 11 in all or some of the pixels1, and detected analog data are output from the sensors 11. The addressof the column of pixels 1 to be read is input to the column decoder 2. Asignal to the switches 13 in the pixels 1 on the corresponding columnbecomes active, and the switches 13 in the pixels 1 on the selectedcolumn are turned on. Count operation of the counter 6 starts inresponse to a predetermined external signal or a signal from the columndecoder 2 to the switches 13. At the same time, the operation of thevoltage-time conversion circuits 12 in the pixels 1 on the selectedcolumn starts. Upon the lapse of a delay time corresponding to voltagesoutput from the sensors 11, outputs from the voltage-time conversioncircuits 12 change from L level to H level.

The outputs from the voltage-time conversion circuits 12 are input as aread signal from the switches 13 to a corresponding latch circuit 7 viathe data bus 4. The latch circuit 7 latches a count value output fromthe counter 6 when the read signal changes to H level. After all thelatch circuits 7 read count values, a row address to be input to the rowdecoder 3 is sequentially changed from 1. Then, the switch 5 of eachselected row is turned on to output outside the count value latched bythe latch circuit 7 on the row as sensed data obtained by convertinganalog data from the sensors 11 into digital data. This output operationis executed for all the rows and columns, which realizes conversion andexternal output of digital data of data detected by the sensors 11 ofall the pixels 1.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show the detailed operation of the firstembodiment. FIG. 2A shows a count value output from the counter 6 to thelapse of time. FIGS. 2B and 2C respectively show outputs from thevoltage-time conversion circuits 12 in a pixel with a high outputvoltage of the sensor 11 and a pixel with a low output voltage of thesensor 11. At time T1, the operation of the counter 6 starts toincrement a count value prepared by counting clock signals 8A from theclock generation circuit 8. At the same time, the operation of eachvoltage-time conversion circuit 12 starts. In the following embodiments,the clock signal 8A is generated using the clock generation circuit 8.Alternatively, the clock generation circuit 8 may be arranged in thecounter 6 to generate the clock signal 8A.

In pixel A where the output voltage of the sensor 11 is high, an outputfrom the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 changes from L level to Hlevel upon the lapse of a relatively short time after the start ofconversion, as shown in FIG. 2B. When an output from the pixel A changesto H level, the latch circuit 7 corresponding to pixel A reads andlatches a count value NA output from the counter 6.

In pixel B where the output voltage of the sensor 11 is low, an outputfrom the latch circuit changes from L level to H level upon the lapse ofa relatively long time after the start of conversion, as shown in FIG.2C. When an output from the pixel B changes to H level, the latchcircuit 7 corresponding to pixel B latches a count value NB output fromthe counter 6. The count values NA and NB latched by the latch circuits7 serve as digital data with respect to analog data from the sensors 11,and are output outside.

A combination of the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 and the latchcircuit 7 for latching a count value enables converting a signalpropagating through a long distance via the data bus 4 into a 1-bitdigital signal of H or L level. Degradation in precision by noise or thelike can be prevented. The first embodiment does not require anyreference signal for a comparison circuit, unlike the prior art, and thecounter can operate independently of the pixel array 10. The maximumvalue or the count value increment slope can be arbitrarily adjusted,and data can be converted with high resolution and a wide dynamic range.

Second Embodiment

The second embodiment according to the present will be described withreference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows a data conversion/output apparatusaccording to the second embodiment. In the second embodiment, thecounter 6 shared by all the pixels 1 is set as a new counter (rowcounter/sensed data generation means) 6A on each row, instead of thelatch circuit 7 set on each row in the first embodiment. A clock signal8A generated by a clock generation circuit 8 is distributed torespective rows. The clock signal 8A and a data bus 4 are connected toan AND circuit (gate circuit) 9 disposed on each row. An output from theAND circuit 9 is input as the clock of the counter 6A on each row.

The AND circuit 9 directly outputs the input clock signal 8A when asignal on the data bus 4 is at L level, and outputs an L-level signalwhen the signal on the data bus 4 is at H level. In the secondembodiment, similar to the first embodiment, data is output for eachcolumn. Light or a capacitance is detected by sensors 11 in all or someof pixels 1, and detected analog data are output from the sensors 11.The address of the column of pixels 1 to be read is input to a columndecoder 2, and a signal to switches 13 in the pixels 1 on thecorresponding column becomes active. The switches 13 in the pixels 1 onthe selected column are turned on to connect the outputs of voltage-timeconversion circuits 12 in the pixels to the data bus 4.

Before conversion, the values of all the counters 6 are cleared.Conversion operation of the voltage-time conversion circuits 12 in thepixels 1 on the selected column starts simultaneously when generation ofthe clock signal 8A starts. At time corresponding to the voltage outputfrom the sensor 11, a signal on the data bus 4 changes from L level to Hlevel. While an output from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 inthe pixel 1 is at level, the clock signal 8A is input to the counter 6Aon the row of the pixel 1 via the AND circuit 9, and count operationcontinues. When the output from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12changes to H level, the AND circuit 9 changes the clock signal 8A to thecounter 6A on this row to L level, and count operation stops. After theoperations of the counters 6A on all the rows stop, sensing to thecolumn ends.

After that, the row address input to a row decoder 3 is sequentiallychanged from 1 to turn on a switch 5 on the selected row. The countvalue held by the counter 6A is output outside as sensed data obtainedby converting detected data into digital data. This output operation isexecuted for all the rows and columns, which enables conversion andexternal output of digital data of data detected by the sensors 11 ofall the pixels.

The second embodiment distributes not the count value but only the clocksignal 8A to respective columns, and can reduce power necessary fordistribution, compared to distribution of a multi-bit count value. Sincethe latch circuit operates by the counter 6A, any extra latch circuitcan be eliminated to downsize the circuit.

Third Embodiment

The third embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows a dataconversion/output apparatus according to the third embodiment. In thethird embodiment, an output-side latch circuit 7B formed from latchcircuits set on respective rows is interposed in the arrangement of thefirst embodiment between an input-side latch circuit (sensed datageneration means) 7A formed from latch circuits set on respective rows,and switches 5 for selecting an output from the input-side latch circuit7A. The output-side latch circuit 7B latches an output from theinput-side latch circuit 7A in response to an externally supplied datareception signal. The operation from the operation of a sensor 11 up tocount value reception operation of the input-side latch circuit 7A isthe same as that in the first embodiment.

After all the latch circuits in the input-side latch circuit 7A readcount values, a data reception signal is supplied to the output-sidelatch circuit 7B. The output-side latch circuit 7B reads and latches thecount value (result of converting analog data into digital data) latchedby the input-side latch circuit 7A. A row address is supplied to a rowdecoder 3 to sequentially turn on the switches 5. As a result, theconverted data can be output outside. Since the converted data islatched by the output-side latch circuit 7B, the input-side latchcircuit 7A is released from data latch operation and can performconversion operation for the next operation.

This method allows parallel-executing conversion of data and externaloutput of converted data, like pipeline operation. When detected data onmany columns are to be converted/output, the operation time can begreatly reduced to realize high-speed sensing operation. Note that thethird embodiment can also be applied to the second embodiment. At thistime, the output-side latch circuit 7B is interposed between thecounters 6A and the switches 5.

Fourth Embodiment

The fourth embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows a dataconversion/output apparatus according to the fourth embodiment. In thefourth embodiment, the latch circuit 7 set on each row in the firstembodiment is incorporated as a new latch circuit 14 (sensed datageneration means) in each pixel 1. An output from a voltage-timeconversion circuit 12 in the pixel 1 is directly input as the readsignal of the latch circuit 14, and a count signal generated by acounter 6 is distributed to the latch circuits 14 of all the pixels.

In this case, light or the like is detected by the sensor 11 in eachpixel 1, and analog data as a detected output is input to thevoltage-time conversion circuit 12. Conversion operation of thevoltage-time conversion circuit 12 starts, and count operation of thecounter 6 also starts. When the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 ofeach pixel 1 outputs an H-level signal in accordance with conversionoperation, the latch circuit 14 latches a count value distributed fromthe counter 6 at that time. After the latch circuits 14 in all thepixels 1 latch count values, sensing ends. The column and row addressesof a pixel which is to output data are designated in the above-describedmanner, thereby outputting the result which is detected by the sensorand converted into digital data.

The fourth embodiment simultaneously executes the operation fromdetection to digital data conversion in all the pixels, and realizeshigher-speed operation in comparison with conversion column by column.In outputting data, data of an arbitrary pixel can also be outputinstead of the row unit. The use of analog data can be restricted withinthe pixel, and all data transmitted outside the pixel are digital data.Thus, degradation in detection precision by noise or the like can beeasily prevented.

In the fourth embodiment, the count value must be distributed to anentire pixel array 10, and a count value at given time may changebetween pixels owing to a count value distribution skew. However, adistribution delay by the skew can be canceled by distributing aconversion start signal to the voltage-time conversion circuit 12through the same path as the count value distribution path becausedistribution of the conversion start signal also delays by the same timein a pixel where distribution of the count value delays.

Fifth Embodiment

The fifth embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows a dataconversion/output apparatus according to the fifth embodiment.

In the fifth embodiment, the latch circuit 7 set on each row and thecounter 6 shared by all the pixels 1 in the first embodiment arerespectively set as a new latch circuit (sensed data generation means)14 and a counter (pixel counter/sensed data generation means) 15 in eachpixel 1, an output from a voltage-time conversion circuit 12 in thepixel 1 is directly input as the read signal of the latch circuit 14,and a clock signal 8A generated by a clock generation circuit 8 isdistributed to the counters 15 of respective pixels.

In this case, light or the like is detected by a sensor 11 in each pixel1, and analog data as a detected output is input to the voltage-timeconversion circuit 12. Conversion operation of the voltage-timeconversion circuit 12 starts, the clock generation circuit 8 distributesthe clock signal 8A to the respective pixels 1, and count operation ofthe counter 15 in each pixel 1 starts. When the voltage-time conversioncircuit 12 of each pixel 1 outputs an H-level signal, the latch circuit14 latches a count value at that time. After the latch circuits 14 inall the pixels 1 latch count values, sensing ends. The column and rowaddresses of a pixel 1 which is to output data are designated, therebyoutputting the detection result which is detected by the sensor 11 andconverted into digital data.

The fifth embodiment simultaneously performs the operation fromdetection to digital data conversion in all the pixels, and realizeshigher-speed operation in comparison with conversion column by column.In outputting data, data of an arbitrary pixel 1 can also be outputinstead of the row unit. The use of analog data can be restricted withinthe pixel 1, and all data transmitted outside the pixel 1 are digitaldata. Thus, degradation in detection precision by noise or the like canbe easily prevented. Compared to the fourth embodiment, data distributedto all the pixels 1 is not the count value but the clock signal 8A, sothat power necessary for distribution can be reduced.

In the fifth embodiment, similar to the fourth embodiment, a delay by askew can be canceled by distributing a conversion start signal to thevoltage-time conversion circuit 12 through the same path as thedistribution path of the clock signal 8A because distribution of theconversion start signal also delays by the same time in a pixel 1 wherethe count delays due to the skew of the clock signal 8A.

Sixth Embodiment

The sixth embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 7. FIG. 7 shows a dataconversion/output apparatus according to the sixth embodiment. In thesixth embodiment, the latch circuit 7 set on each row in the firstembodiment is eliminated, the counter 6 shared by all the pixels 1 isset as a new counter 15 (sensed data generation means) in each pixel 1.A clock signal 8A generated by a clock generation circuit 8 isdistributed to respective pixels. An output from a voltage-timeconversion circuit 12 in each pixel 1 and the distributed clock signal8A are input to an AND circuit 16, and an output from the AND circuit 16is input as the clock signal to the counter 15 within the pixel 1.

The AND circuit 16 directly outputs the input clock signal 8A when asignal from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 is an L-level signal,and outputs an L-level signal when the signal from the voltage-timeconversion circuit 12 is an H-level signal. In this case, light or thelike is detected by a sensor in each pixel 1, and the resultant analogdata is input to the voltage-time conversion circuit 12. Conversionoperation of the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 starts. The clockgeneration circuit 8 generates the clock signal 8A and distributes it tothe respective pixels 1.

While an output from the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 in eachpixel 1 is an L-level signal, the distributed clock signal 8A isdirectly input to the counter 15, and the counter 15 continues countoperation. When the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 of each pixel 1outputs H-level signal, the counter 15 receives an L-level signal andstops count operation. If count operation stops in the counters 15 ofall the pixels 1, sensing ends. The column and row addresses of a pixelwhich is to output data are designated, thereby outputting a count valueoutput from the counter in the pixel as detected digital data.

The sixth embodiment simultaneously performs the operation fromdetection to digital data conversion in all the pixels 1, and realizeshigher-speed operation in comparison with conversion column by column.In outputting data, data of an arbitrary pixel 1 can also be outputinstead of the row unit. The use of analog data can be restricted withinthe pixel 1, and all data transmitted outside the pixel 1 are digitaldata. Thus, degradation in detection precision by noise or the like canbe easily prevented. Compared to the fourth embodiment, data distributedto all the pixels is not the count value but the clock signal 8A, sothat power necessary for distribution can be reduced. Compared to thefifth embodiment, the number of elements in the pixel 1 can be reducedto implement a smaller pixel 1.

In the sixth embodiment, similar to the fourth embodiment, a delay by askew can be canceled by distributing a conversion start signal to thevoltage-time conversion circuit 12 through the same path as thedistribution path of the clock signal 8A because distribution of theconversion start signal also delays by the same time in a pixel 1 wherethe count delays due to the skew of the clock signal 8A.

Seventh Embodiment

The seventh embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed. In the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the operationof the voltage-time conversion circuit 12 and count operation of thecounter 6 simultaneously start. In the seventh embodiment, which usesthe elements illustrated in FIG. 1, an arbitrary offset is added tooutput data by shifting the operation start of a voltage-time conversioncircuit 12 and the start of count operation from each other. Morespecifically, a negative offset is added (make a value smaller than anactual output) when the count start delays from the voltage-timeconversion start, and a positive offset is added (make a value largerthan an actual value when the count operation starts first.

Conversion precision adjustment corresponding to sensitivity adjustmentof the A/D converter can be easily realized, and the data width ofoutput data can be effectively used. The seventh embodiment can alsoincrease the speed or reduce the power consumption by using a countersuch as a gray counter having a small data change amount in countoperation. The seventh embodiment can be applied not only to the firstembodiment shown in FIG. 1 but also to each embodiment using the counter6 or 15. If the clock generation circuit 8 is used in place of thecounter 6, the output start timing of the clock signal 8A output fromthe clock generation circuit 8 may be controlled.

Eighth Embodiment

The eighth embodiment according to the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 shows a dataconversion/output apparatus according to the eighth embodiment. In theeighth embodiment, a count control circuit 6B for controlling countoperation of the counter 6 is added to the first embodiment. Theremaining arrangement is the same as that in the first embodiment. Thecount control circuit 6B can arbitrarily adjust the count valueincrement slope in incrementing the count value by the counter 6. Thisenables arbitrarily adjusting the conversion sensitivity for each regionof an analog value to be converted when analog data is to be convertedinto digital data.

FIG. 9 shows the detailed operation of the eighth embodiment. In theexample of FIG. 9, the count value increment amount is set small fromthe conversion start to given time, then set large, and set small again.By adjusting the counter operation speed, the sensitivity is set lowwhen a voltage output from a sensor 11 is lower than or higher than acertain region. The conversion sensitivity is set high aroundintermediate voltages output from many sensors 11, thus increasing theresolution in this region. The resolution can be adjusted in anarbitrary region, and high-sensitivity conversion into digital data canbe realized without increasing the data width of the counter 6.

The eighth embodiment can be applied not only to the first embodimentbut also to each embodiment using the counter 6. In the use of thecounter 15, a count control circuit may be formed in each pixel 1. Ifthe clock generation circuit 8 is used instead of the counter 6, thecount control circuit 6B may switch and control the frequency of theclock signal 8A output from the clock generation circuit 8. For example,the frequency of the clock signal 8A is set relatively low from theconversion start to given time, then set relatively high, and set lowagain. The same operation effect as that of FIG. 9 can be achieved.

In this way, according to the present invention, a dataconversion/output apparatus is constituted by a large number of sensors(11), voltage-time conversion circuits (12) which are arranged adjacentto the respective sensors and change output levels upon the lapse oftimes corresponding to output voltage values from the sensors after aconversion operation start point in order to convert the voltage outputsof the sensors (11) into times, and sensed data generation circuits (7,6A, 7A, 14, 15) for outputting, as digital data, lapse times until theoutput levels of the voltage-time conversion circuits (12) change aftera substantial conversion start point.

A signal propagating through a long distance from each pixel via a databus can be converted into an H- or L-level 1-bit digital signal, anddegradation in precision by noise or the like can be prevented. Areference signal for a comparison circuit can be eliminated, unlike theprior art, and the counter can operate independently of the pixel array.The maximum value or the count value increment slope can be arbitrarilyadjusted, and data can be converted with high resolution and a widedynamic range.

What is claimed is:
 1. A data conversion/output apparatus comprising: alarge number of sensors; voltage-time conversion circuits which arearranged adjacent to said respective sensors and change output levelsupon the lapse of times corresponding to output voltage values from saidsensors after a conversion operation start point in order to convertvoltage outputs of said sensors into times; and sensed data generationcircuits for outputting, as digital data, lapse times until the outputlevels of said voltage-time conversion circuits change after asubstantial conversion start point, said sensors are arranged in amatrix together with said corresponding voltage-time conversion circuitsto constitute respective pixels, and said data conversion/outputapparatus further comprises group selection means for selecting, fromthe pixels in a column direction, pixels which are aligned in a rowdirection and connected to one of said sensed data generation circuits,wherein said sensed data generation circuit includes a counter forcounting a clock signal, a first latch circuit for latching a countvalue of said counter upon reception of an output from said voltage-timeconversion circuit of each pixel in a selected group, and a second latchcircuit for latching an output from said first latch circuit inaccordance with a predetermined data reception signal.
 2. An apparatusaccording to claim 1, further comprising control means for sequentiallysupplying outputs from said voltage-time conversion circuits to saidsensed data generation circuits.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 1,wherein an output from said second latch circuit is output as senseddata upon reception of a signal designating an individual pixel of theselected group.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidsensed data generation circuit includes a counter for counting a clocksignal, and a latch circuit for latching a count value of said counterafter a point offset from the conversion operation start point uponreception of an output from said voltage-time conversion circuit of eachgroup-selected pixel.
 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidsensed data generation circuit includes a counter for counting a clocksignal, and a gate circuit for controlling count of the clock signalfrom said counter until an output from said voltage-time conversioncircuit of each group-selected pixel is obtained after a time pointoffset from the conversion operation start point.
 6. An apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said sensed data generation circuitincludes a counter for counting a clock signal, and a latch circuit forlatching a count value of said counter after a time point offset fromthe conversion operation start point upon reception of an output fromsaid voltage-time conversion circuit, and said latch circuit is arrangedin each pixel.
 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said senseddata generation circuit includes a counter for counting a clock signalfor generating digital data corresponding to the output level of saidvoltage-time conversion circuit, and a count control circuit forcontrolling a count operation speed of said counter.
 8. An apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said sensed data generation circuitincludes means for changing a clock frequency of a clock signal.
 9. Adata conversion/output apparatus comprising: a column decoder forselecting at once a plurality of pixels aligned on an arbitrary columnfrom pixels arrayed in a matrix; a plurality of data buses each commonlyconnected to a plurality of pixels aligned on each row out of thepixels; a counter for sequentially outputting count values in accordancewith internal count operation; a plurality of latch circuits which arearranged on respective rows and latch the count values from said counterin accordance with level changes of said data buses corresponding to therespective rows; a row decoder for selecting a row having a desiredpixel out of the pixels selected by said column decoder; and a pluralityof row switches which are arranged on the respective rows and output assensed data of desired pixels the count values latched by said latchcircuits corresponding to the respective rows, wherein each of thepixels has a sensor for outputting a detection result as an outputvoltage value, a voltage-time conversion circuit for changing an outputlevel upon the lapse of time corresponding to an output voltage valuefrom said sensor after a predetermined conversion operation start point,and a column switch for outputting in accordance with selection of apixel by said row decoder an output from said voltage-time conversioncircuit to a data bus connected to the pixel, said apparatus furthercomprising a plurality of output-side latch circuits which areinterposed between said latch circuits and said row switches for therespective rows, latch outputs from said latch circuits in accordancewith a predetermined data reception signal, and output the outputs tosaid switches.
 10. A data conversion/output apparatus comprising: acolumn decoder for selecting at once a plurality of pixels aligned on anarbitrary column from pixels arrayed in a matrix; a plurality of databuses each commonly connected to a plurality of pixels aligned on eachrow out of the pixels; a clock generation circuit for outputting a clocksignal having a predetermined frequency; a plurality of row counterswhich are arranged on respective rows, count clock signals from saidclock generation circuit, and output count values to row switches; gatecircuits which are arranged on the respective rows and control output ofthe clock signals from said clock generation circuit to said rowcounters on the basis of output levels of said data buses; a row decoderfor selecting a row having a desired pixel out of the pixels selected bysaid column decoder; and a plurality of row switches which are arrangedon the respective rows and output as sensed data of desired pixels thecount values from said row counters corresponding to the respectiverows, wherein each of the pixels has a sensor for outputting a detectionresult as an output voltage value, a voltage-time conversion circuit forchanging an output level upon the lapse of time corresponding to anoutput voltage value from said sensor after a predetermined conversionoperation start point, and a column switch for outputting in accordancewith selection of a pixel by said row decoder an output from saidvoltage-time conversion circuit to a data bus connected to the pixel,said apparatus further comprising a plurality of output-side latchcircuits which are interposed between said row counters and said rowswitches for the respective rows, latch outputs from said row countersin accordance with a predetermined data reception signal, and output theoutputs to said switches.